Constructions+of+tangent+lines


 * **Step-by-step Instructions** || __ [|Printer friendly version] __ ||

If the center is not given, you can use: " [|Finding the center of a circle with compass and straightedge or ruler] ", or [|"Finding the center of a circle with any right-angled object"]. || ||
 * ~ After doing this ||~ Your work should look like this ||
 * We start with a point P somewhere on a given circle, with center point O.
 * **1.** Draw a straight line from the center O, through the given point P and on beyond P. || [[image:http://www.mathopenref.com/images/constructions/consttangent/step1.png width="274" height="241"]] ||
 * In the following steps 2 - 6 we are constructing the perpendicular to the line OP at a point P. This is the same procedure as described in [|Constructing a perpendicular at a point on a line] . ||
 * **2.** Put the compass point on P and set it to any width less than the distance OP. Then, on the line just drawn, draw an arc on each side of P. This creates the points Q and R as shown. || [[image:http://www.mathopenref.com/images/constructions/consttangent/step2.png width="233" height="239"]] ||
 * **3.** Set the compass on Q and set it to any width greater than the distance QP. || [[image:http://www.mathopenref.com/images/constructions/consttangent/step3.png width="244" height="240"]] ||
 * **4.** //Without changing the compass width//, draw an arc approximately in the position shown on one side of P. || [[image:http://www.mathopenref.com/images/constructions/consttangent/step4.png width="193" height="228"]] ||
 * **5.** //Without changing the compass width//, move the compass to R and make another arc across the first, creating point S. || [[image:http://www.mathopenref.com/images/constructions/consttangent/step5.png width="206" height="242"]] ||
 * **6.** Draw a line through P and S. || [[image:http://www.mathopenref.com/images/constructions/consttangent/step6.png width="276" height="246"]] ||
 * **7.** Done. The line PS just drawn is the tangent to the circle O through point P. || [[image:http://www.mathopenref.com/images/constructions/consttangent/step7.png width="238" height="242"]] ||

Tangent lines to Two Circles
by

Jeff Kertscher When given any two random circles that do not intesect at any point, or neither circle is inscribed within the other, there are only a few lines that are tangent to BOTH circles. Let us look at an example: Notice that the dark green line MN is tangent to both circles. This line was constructed by producing a circle (black) with center F and radius= radius CD - radius AB. Another circle was constructed (red-dashed) with the diameter equal to the distance between E and F. The circle K intersects both point E and the black circle F at one point. A line is draw between these two points LE. The distance between points L and M is equal to the radius of AB. Line MN is then constructed to be parallel to LE but simply moved to be tangent to the blue circle F with a distance of AB away from EL. By this construction it is now tangent also to circle E. There is another line tangent to both circles on the opposite side of the circles. Thus there are two lines on the exterior of the circles. Click **[|here]**to have a GSP Sketch of this result; click [|**here**]to have a GSP Script.

Now let us look at the case of the interior tangent lines of two circles, that is, tangent lines for which the two circles lie on opposite sides of the line: This construction was made in the same way as before with the exception that the blue circle has the radius of AB + CD (the radiuses of the given circles). This will generate a line, JL, that is also tangent to both of the circles on the interior of them. Click [|here] to have a GSP Sketch of this result; click [|here] to have a GSP script.There is another line (not shown) that crosses has a negative slope of JL and will also be tangent to circles E and F in the opposite direction. So, there is a sum total of four lines that are tangent to two, non-intersecting circles.

Now let us look at some other possibilities. How many lines of tangentcy are there to two circles that meet at one point and are not inscribed within one another. We can see that there are only three lines that intersect both circles, the two exterior lines and then only one interior line. If the slope of line D is change just a bit it will interset the circles in two points, this idea may not be easily seen but considering there is only one line tangent to a circle at any given point, and the point is one fixed point on both circle, then there is only one line of tangentcy on the interior of the circles.

Some other possible extensions to this problem, and their tangent lines are given: or....